RUDN University biologist found that Chinese date improves the immune system of fish
In fisheries, antibiotics are usually used to prevent infections. However, their use leads to the emergence of strains of bacteria resistant to them. This is a potential threat not only to fish but also to humans — in case that antibiotic-resistant bacteria begin to be transmitted from person to person. Researchers are looking for alternative drugs suitable for use in ichthyology.
Morteza Yousefi, a biologist from the RUDN University, and his colleagues investigated the properties of Zizyphus (Zizyphus jujube), known as “Chinese date” and found that it can be used as an antimicrobial agent for fish.
Morteza Yousefi tested the immunostimulatory properties of this plant on carp (Cyprinus carpio). The biologists gave the fish a solution of ethanol and distilled water with Ziziphus fruit juice with a concentration of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%. Then they took samples from the fish mucosa and monitored how immune parameters change: the number of antibodies, the activity of enzymes — proteases and the expression of genes of signaling molecules — cytokines, which, in particular, trigger phagocytosis, that is, the destruction of bacteria.
Analysis of the data showed that carp, which were given a solution of the fetus with a concentration of 0.5%, increased the number of antibodies. The more antibodies in the blood, the more extraneous compounds — antigens — they can “catch”.
Besides, ichthyologists have found a connection between the extract of dates in the diet of fish and the presence of cytokines. The experiment showed that the concentration of the solution is 0.25% does not change the immune reactions of carp, but 0.5% and 1% solution increases the expression of cytokine genes and the activity of protease enzymes that are involved in the “digestion” of killed pathogenic bacteria and in triggering the processes of extraneous cells death (apoptosis).
The experiment showed that the juice of the Chinese date can increase the immunity of carp, which means that it can be used as an antibacterial agent in fisheries working on the principle of “green aquaculture”. The discovery of immune stimulation of the carp juice of Ziziphus fruit in the future will allow fishermen to reduce the damage from infections, without provoking the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
The results are published in the journal Fish and Shellfish Immunology.
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According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), electricity consumption in Africa has increased by more than 100% over the past two years (2020-2022). However, 74.9% of this energy is still produced by burning organic fuels — natural gas, coal and oil. At the same time, the level of electrification on the continent remains extremely low — only 24%, while in other developing countries it reaches 40%. Even in grid-connected areas, electricity supply is often unreliable: industrial enterprises lose energy on an average of 56 days a year.
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