The paper presents data on the possibility of using the proportions of concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as indicators of the pollution sources with oil hydrocarbons. Approaches are suggested to estimate the efficiency of these indicator ratios, and the efficiency of the currently used ratios is evaluated. Multivariate data analysis is applied to demonstrate how the ratios depend on the degree of transformation of the petroleum products. The data presented in the paper are utilized to more accurately determine the indicator ratios of oil-bearing samples with regard for the contamination age.

The objective of the project is to create an expert system on rehabilitation of the geological environment polluted with petroleum products for the territories of Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus. Despite some specificity of the pollution (prevalence of certain sources) in all three countries, oil pollution is one of the most problematic. Thanks to the contacts between scientific teams is formed unified methodological basis for the development of the architecture of an expert system, filling its blocks, selecting optimal prediction models of pollution and effective methods of remediation. Analyzed the existing models and software systems on migration of oil and petroleum products; estimated the possibility of their use in an expert system. Estimated losses of petroleum products during handling on model objects. In the following steps are carried out "assembly" of blocks of the expert system and its testing with potential users – decision makers in elimination of accidents and rehabilitation of the geological environment, representatives of environmental agencies, enterprises and other polluters. Currently identified the problems of modeling of hydrocarbon pollution of the geological environment: underestimation of the detailed component composition and transformation processes of hydrocarbons, excessive simplification of their migration patterns; underestimation of self-organization processes in contaminated geological environment; insufficient accuracy of methods of chemical analysis of environmental pollution (such as extraction); fragmentation and the lack of justification for the content of oil products standards in soils. Formed architecture of the expert system. We select the models of pollution of geological environment for the territories of the participating countries, taking into account specificity of their areas (landscape features) and specific sources of pollution – model objects. The project creates an effective information base to solve the problem by reducing the time for the development of management decisions, the optimal use of information for modeling and forecasting of contamination of the geological environment. Provides a higher environmental and economic performance of works on the rehabilitation of the geological environment.

The main problems in geoenvironmental estimation of petroleum product transformations are analyzed with their bitumen status taken into account. A four-zone model is proposed to describe the distribution of oil products, taking into account their transformations in geological environments. A nonequilibrium system of water-rock-petroleum product (as pollutants) interaction is substantiated with the identification of two genetic branches (abiogenic and biogenic), which form the final results of pollution. Formation mechanisms of vertical and horizontal zonalities at environmental petroleum pollution of geological environment are described. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are considered as priority components of pollution.

European experience in the groundwater use regulations is considered using the case of FRG, where such regulations are based on quality standards and quantitative characteristics of impact on groundwater and surface water and landscape features. Basic documents verified in the water use management system in EU are used.

The aquatic systems of Kerch peninsula are unique groundwater manifestations situated on the area with a low technogenic pressure. Thereby these are very interesting object for the study of processes of the migration and accumulation of the geochemical markers (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) as the background areas. The study is devoted to the assessment of the processes on the geochemical barriers (GCB) – self-organizing components of geochemical systems, where the activation of physical and chemical processes takes place, leading to the transformation of atomic-molecular structures and associations of individual chemical elements under the action of active media. The intensity of nonequilibrium processes is estimated using the entropy increment ΔS, enthalpy ΔH, and Gibbs energy ΔG of the geochemical system. The specificity of a study is the involvement of the assessments of the processes with the participation of the living matter. This should allow to build a theoretical model of GCB from the point of view of synergistic processes and to evaluate the functional significance of GCB in relation to geochemical markers. The study allowed to receive the series of migration and accumulation of PAHs for all the components of the aquatic system. Applying the listed methods we give a quantitative assessment of the energy of migration and accumulation processes of PAHs. It allows to understand the dynamics of processes in the water – soil – plant system and to identify the optimal "indicator" objects, priority for environmental monitoring. The estimates of the PAHs migration capabilities clearly indicate a variety of structural connections between the components of the dissipative hydrogeochemical system formed by point sources-the outflows of groundwater. The diversity depends on the initial chemical composition of the waters and the impulsive nature of the outflows. The inclusion of "living matter" into the geochemical system model as a dissipative structure and active component significantly changes our understanding of nonequilibrium geochemical systems at all levels of their organization.

Environmental monitoring systems in the cities existing in modern cities allow to control the state of natural (technogenic-natural) systems according to their programs. But it is not possible to receive an information for some special locations despite their significance – this is a case of the RUDN-University campus. For these purposes an initiative group organized a special monitoring project for the campus. One part of these monitoring program is a control of the soil air quality. This is a one of the most representative parts of the urban ecosystem reflecting all the pollution processes on the territory. For sampling and chemical analyses has been used the standard methods. Total has been gathered the samples from 33 points on the campus area. The samples has been analyzed using the gaz analyser GANK-4 (certified). The results of the measurements obtained were compared: with the maximum permissible concentrations, with background concentrations, with the results of measurements carried out in March 2017. According to the obtained data, the soil absorption coefficient of the pollutants was calculated from air, this coefficient was plotted in the program Surfer 9.0. Assessment of the state of soils according to the coefficient of absorption allows us to conclude that on the territory of the RUDN-University campus a satisfactory state of soils is observed in the forest park area. In the rest of the territory, the soil is practically not able to process or poorly process pollutants emitted by road transport. Hence it can be concluded that motor transport intensively affects the condition of the soil. It is already necessary to develop and begin remediation measures to maintain the greening of the campus. Estimating seasonal changes in pollutant concentrations in the soil on the territory of the RUDN-University campus, it can be said that the state of soils in the zones of maximum impact of vehicles during the summer period has improved, and in the soils of the forest park zone, conversely, the changes from the spring have been negative, pollutant concentrations in the soil have increased.

Since 2016 in the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN-University) is carried out a project on the environmental monitoring of campus. We consider the campus as a social significant territory: currently, the “population” (staff and students) is over 8,000 but the technogenic pressure is constantly increasing from year to the year because of transport activity. At the moment, the information about acoustic pressure, soil, snow and air pollution has been gathered and processed. It allows to develop the scheme of zoning of the campus. For this purposes, has been applied the methods of ecologic-economical assessments. Consequences of the technogenic impacts are different types of destructions in the natural systems that can be described as environmental damages. Using this approach, we can show more clear the scale of the destructions. It is possible to use monetary evaluations of the damages and to justify the “environmental comfort” zones and “dangerous zones” in campus. We apply the standard approaches to the assessment of damage, state approved in Russia to measure the damage caused by soils and air pollution as well as damage for the human health because of noise level. Monetary values of damage has been processed using the multivariate statistical methods. Application of the ecological-economic assessments allowed to create the zonation scheme for the campus territory Monitoring of the campus allowed to sample the initial information for the ecological-economic assessments. Processing of these data was a base for the identification of the structure of the technogenic pressure on the territory and for the elaboration of the probably necessary sets of measures for the maintenance of the environmental comfort on the social significant territory – RUDN-University campus.

The role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in geoenvironmental studies is demonstrated. Indicator ratios used to identify PAH origin are considered. Their reliability is assessed for natural and technogenic objects, taking into account their stability in the environment and the specific natural conditions. The most accurate indicators are determined for identifying combustion products of domestic and medicinal wastes.

Geochemical barriers are the special type of natural systems boundaries. They prevent the penetration of some of substances and are open for the migration of others. For the inorganic substances, especially for the metal ions the barriers are studied enough completely: the models of barriers are developed, the penetration and accumulation kinetic is assessed. But for the organic compounds the role of the geochemical barriers is practically not studied. Especially important are such assessments from the point of view of migration and accumulation analyses of supertoxic compounds. Assessed the role of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) as most sensitive markers of the geochemical barriers. For the first time for organic substances of this group, estimated the rate of penetration through geochemical barriers and accumulations in media. The relative chemical stability of PAHs and their toxicity make them a priority object for the geochemical studies. In the presented study analyzed the ability of PAHs to migration through different kinds of boundaries in the aquatic systems: boundaries-divisions and boundaries-barriers at the contact of ices, water, snow, bottom sediments; boundaries in the system with an active technogenic pressure in the Aojan river catchment area (China, leather industry region); boundaries in the “background” region (PAHs migration in the system “soil – plants”, “water – bottom sediments”). Analyzed the conditions of accumulation, of the PAHs penetration activity through the geochemical boundaries. The use of the modern multivariate methods allows us to identify the identity of the migration and accumulation processes in different environments and different geographic conditions. PAHs are an effective marker of geochemical boundaries. All of the PAH compounds are more or less subject to transformation, the maximum of which is achieved on the boundaries-divisions. Even within relatively homogeneous phases due to phase transitions, an active selectively transformation of the PAHs ensemble takes place. Phase transitions, both in heterogeneous media and at the boundaries-divisions occur more intensively than in homogeneous media. The involvement of organic substances (even at the level of phenomenological models) radically changes the understanding of the interrelations between the components in the geochemical system. Extremely active (change of concentrations tens to thousands of times) the accumulation of PAHs occurs in a system involving living matter. Its introduction into the general scheme of the aquatic systems elements (even at the phenomenological level) changes fundamentally our ideas about the functional significance of the biota in the structure of the matter flows in the aquatic ecosystems.