Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the 7th most frequently encountered disorder in cats in general practice in England,with a disease prevalence of 30–80% in cats over 10 years old, (Calcitonin Response to Naturally Occurring Ionized Hypercalcemia in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease).The aim of the study isto show the method of phosphate binders administration in stage 3of chronic renal failurein cats.For the study, 40 cats with idiopathic chronic renal failure were selected. Cats of the first group (n = 10) received Almagel NEO as a phosphate binder, for 30 days, for the next 60 days there was no treatment with phosphate binders. Cats of the second group were given a feed supplement Ipakitine for 90 days. Animals of the third group (n = 10) received Ipakitine and Almagel NEO for 30 days and then only Ipakitine for 60 days; the fourth group (n = 10) served as a control and did not receive phosphate binders. To assess the results obtained, the animals were subjected to urinalysis and serum chemistry.Joint application of Ipakitine and Almagel NEO preparations against a low-protein diet makes it possible to improve the filtration capacity of the kidneys, which clearly indicates in changes in the urinalysis. Based on clinical and morphological studies, the method is proved and the effectiveness of the combined use of phosphatebinders Ipakitine and Almagel NEO is proved on the background of a low-protein diet for the long-term correction of hyperphosphataemia in the in stage 3 of chronic renal failure in cats.In connection withthe characteristic picture of chronic dystrophic and destructive processes in the kidneys, changes in full blood count, chemistry and urinalysis values under the influence of phosphatebinders, used in doses of 34 mg of an algebra (0.5 ml of Almagel NEO) per 1 kg of body weight twice a day and 1 g preparation Ipakitine for 5 kg of body weight of an animal 2 times a day are detected.

This study aimed to define the main ways of evolution of the organs of the immune system in vertebrate animals that include the segregation, i.e., the separation of the organs of immune system from the hematopoietic system, on the basis of which they were formed; differentiation, i.e., the division of initially integrated lymphoid structures into diffuse clumps, lymphoid nodules, and the germinal centers; transformation, i.e., the transfiguration of rudimentary organs into organs of the immune system; and polymerization, i.e., the increase in the number of peripheral organs of immunogenesis in phylogenesis. Materials and Methods: This is a comparative analysis of the morphology of the organs of immune system in those orders of birds and mammals which have passed in their development in different periods of time in terms of the fossil record. Statistical processing of the obtained digital data was conducted by individually tailored programs. Results and Conclusions: Conducted research demonstrates the historical trend of immune system in terms of morphological progress, which is manifested in the alternation of relatively fast flowing aromorphoses with longer periods of idioadaptations.

The aim of this study is to study pathological processes dynamics at experimental infestation of chickens with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacteria. Materials and Methods: Bacteria were cultured on the Hottinger medium. The presence of toxins was assessed using "dilatation of the intestine" and "vascular permeability" tests. For the first test, the investigated liquid with bacteria was administered intranasally, the results were evaluated by comparing the weight difference of lungs, while for the second test the investigated liquid was administered per rectum determining after 4 h the ratio of the weight of the small intestine with the contents to body weight. For morphological studies, histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. For representative information, preparations were examined under optical microscopy "H604 TrinocularUnico" (USA), stereoscopic microscopy "BIOMED MS-1 Stereo" (Russia), and scanning electron microscopy "Hitachi-800" with scanning add-on device (Japan). Results: At the formation of biofilms consisting of Y. pseudotuberculosis bacteria, we observed the formation of extracellular matrix, which covered the closed structures of various sizes consisting of bacterial cells, followed by subsequent formation of clusters. At the experimental toxemia of chickens, we identified in general exudative-infiltrative processes, the proliferation of antigen-primed lymphocyte, macrophage infiltration of the sinuses of the lymphoid organs, and increasing number of T-lymphocytes. At violation of the porosity in blood vessels of organs of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and excretory systems, we noted signs of hemocirculation disorders, extensive swelling, liberation of formed elements of blood and the fibrinogenation, dystrophic and necrotic processes, as well as numerous caseous necrotic foci infiltrated by leukocytes, which were revealed in the parenchymatous organs. Conclusion: When culturing Y. pseudotuberculosis bacteria, we observed the intercellular matrix and the formation of biofilms. At experimental toxemia of chickens, the pathological process dynamics was characterized by exudative and infiltrative processes, general vascular reaction, toxic myocardial dystrophy, atrophy of bursa fabricii, dystrophic, and necrotic processes in the Garder glands, Meckel's diverticulum, serous-fibrinous aerosacculitis, broken wind, signs of enterosorption, and hepatorenal syndrome.